Existence of the soul

Existence of the soul Introduction There are a number of big philosophical questions that commonly interest philosophers. Chief among these questions is the existence of the soul. What will become of me when I die? Will I cease to exist or not? And if I do continue to exist will I remain in my current form or that of another life form? These are questions which are frequently discussed when talking about the soul. Platos work on life after death is regarded as one of the very first pieces of written philosophical work on the existence of the soul. Platos Phaedo is an attempt to answer these questions; an attempt to prove that the soul pre-exist the body and that it continues to live after death. Platos Phaedo must therefore be discussed if a conclusion is to be reached on whether the soul pre-exist the body. Much of Platos work, unlike many other philosophical writings, is in dialogue. Platos dialogues are named after the central character, which in this case, is Phaedo. Besides Phaedo, other important characters in t he dialogue are Echecrates with whom the dialogue begins with, Socrates who is the main character in the dialogue, Simmias of Thebes, a follower of the philosopher Pythagoras and Cebes whom also is a follower Pythagoras. Phaedo centres on the death of Socrates, who was sentenced to death in 399BC for corrupting the minds of the youth and denouncing the gods. After the trial, Socrates is in prison waiting to be condemned by drinking Hemlock and this is the point of Platos Phaedo which begins to look at life after death. It is clear that the introductory section of the dialogue takes place from (60a) whereby Socrates after massaging his leg states that pleasure and pain are closely related, despite the fact they are opposites. The point Socrates makes here seems logical as empirical experience shows that people cannot appreciate the ups of life without having the downs. Socrates then goes on to claim that anyone wise will follow him to death, as a wise person or a philosopher long to be released from the body. This is an important point of Platos dialogue as it ignites the discussion of the immortality of the soul. Why would Socrates claim that those who are wise should follow him to death shortly? For Socrates death is simply a release of the soul from the body. Socrates believes that firstly he will be entering the company of good and wise gods and secondly he expects to enter the company of dead people that are better than those still alive, thus it is good to leave life (Daniel Hill lecture notes, 2008). Furthermore the body for Socrates is a hindrance for a philosopher seeking the truth. The bodys demands such as food, drink and sex are not the concerns of a true philosopher and more so the body cannot provide reliable information, our senses constantly deceive us. (A fine examplemaybe example). The truth is the real nature of any given thing i.e. justice in itself, which has never been perceived by anybody. In order to reach the uncontaminated truth one mu st be pure and uncontaminated. Socrates goes as far to say the philosophers occupation consists precisely in the freeing and separation of the soul from body (Daniel Hill lecture notes, 2008). However by arguing this point Socrates is presuming that life exist after death, something which provokes Cebes to raise an objection questioning Socrates line of thought by highlighting that it is widely accepted that when one dies the soul may be released from the body and dispersed like smoke and so destroyed Cebes challenge is one which Socrates must respond to and he does so by producing four arguments to support his claim that the soul is immortal. First is the Argument from Opposites which aims to show the cycle of death and rebirth must go on forever. Secondly is the Theory of Recollection which aims to show that the reasoning part of the soul did exist before birth, thus making it plausible to hold that it will also exist after death. Third is the affinity argument, which concerns its elf too with the reasoning part of the soul, in particular the nature of the Forms and the control of desires. The final argument Plato introduces considers the soul as the cause of life. The Argument of Recollection is what must be discussed in detail due to as stated above it concerns itself with the pre-existence of the soul. Theory of Recollection The Theory of Recollection is introduced by Cebes, who briefly outlines the argument as follows: that all learning is just really recollection and that by recollecting it shows that we must have learned sometime before; which is impossible unless our souls existed somewhere before they entered this human shape. So it seems that the soul is immortal (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008). Simmias then asks Cebes to remind him how the proof of Socrates theory of learning as recollection goes and Cebes provides two reasons. Firstly Cebes puts forth that when people are asked questions, if the question is put in the right way they can answer everything correctly, which they could not possibly do unless they were in possession of knowledge (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008); and secondly if you confront people with a diagram or anything like that, the way in which they react provides the clearest proof that the theory is correct (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008). Cebes argument is very vague; howe ver the point he seems to be trying to make can be understood by using a mathematical question. For example if you were asked, what is 6+33? You would give the answer of 39, yet it is unlikely that you would have learnt that exact sum beforehand, so the fact that you recognised it shows that you must have learnt it in a previous life. Cebes answer for Simminas is allusive thus Plato introduces Socrates to give the argument in full detail. In Phaedo Socrates begins with the suggestion that one can only recollect what one has learnt at some previous point. Socrates too understands that recollection is the process of being reminded of something and uses the example of lovers who are reminded of the person they love, when they recognise a piece of clothing or any other private property owned by their lover (Plato 2003). However to have prior knowledge of all things gained from experience within the world would be absurd, thus Plato outlines what he means is that we have knowledge of abs tract entities or as Plato describes the knowledge of Forms. What does Plato mean by abstract entities or Forms? Plato means entities such as justice, beauty, goodness and holiness etc. The example he gives is equality. Plato writes in Pheado We admit, I suppose, that there is such a thing as equality not equality of stick to stick and stone to stone and so on, but something beyond all that and distinct from it absolute equality (Plato 2003). Its seems what Platos argument is trying to show is that there is a concept of equality which is recollected when we view certain objects, such as two sticks of similar length or if we feel the weight of two stones of similar weight and we know whether or not they are of equal weight because we understand the concept of equality without it ever being taught. However what must be understood is that Plato is not saying that equality is within the sticks and stones themselves, as they may appear equal to me but unequal to another; but rather by seeing the sticks and the stones that we get the idea of absolute equality.Socrates then continues to highlight that we are aware that sticks and stones do fall short of being equal, but to be conscious of the fact that they fall short means that we must have a the concept of what it is to be perfectly equal. However how do we know of this equality when Plato denies empirical knowledge as reliable? Socrates answers That we must have had some previous knowledge of equality before the time when we first realised (Plato 2003). Therefore Socrates deduces that we obtained our knowledge of equality before birth. So if this holds true with equality then it must hold true with all other abstract entities or Forms such as beauty and justice. However Socrates continues claiming that Each of us loses this knowledge at the moment of birth, but afterwards by pertinent exercise of our senses, recover the knowledge which we once had before, I suppose that we call learning (Plato 2003). Hence Socra tes concludes that all learning is recollection. Socrates then moves on to present an alternative explanation to support his argument claiming that someone who truly knows a subject ought to be able to explain it to others, yet most people cannot explain the things that he (Socrates) has been explaining to Simmias (http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/phaedo/section5.rhtml). Socrates explains that if someone can be brought to recollect knowledge of the kind he is explaining and then able to explain that knowledge to others, then it goes to show that knowledge existed in a past life and it was forgotten the at birth. Simmias raises an objection to this point stating that perhaps we gain knowledge at birth, but Socrates simply reminds him that if we possessed it at birth then surely it would be absurd to lose it at the exact same moment we gained that knowledge. Socrates then concludes that the existence of the soul before birth is as certain as the existence of beauty, goodness, and all things in themselves that the soul supplies knowledge of when we see the physical things that approximate to them Platos argument Platos argument seems to be coherent and reaches a sound conclusion that the soul pre-exist birth. However the argument has been criticised by many philosophers due to the gaps within the argument. These gaps within Platos argument must be explored in order to come to a conclusion on whether the Theory of Recollection does prove that the soul pre-exist the body. A chief criticism of Platos theory of recollection stems from the foundation of his argument. Plato discusses two different kinds of knowledge; intrinsic knowledge of the Forms (goodness, beauty and equality etc.) and the recollection of knowledge, and this is where the problem lies. In Phaedo Socrates is intent on showing that what we know was present before birth However Plato gives no explanation of when before birth we acquire this knowledge or how. Further, if we did come into this world knowing of abstract qualities such as justice, holiness and equality etc, the next thought would be that when did we first come into co ntact with these abstract qualities?. Plato gives no time frame and this is important as it obvious that when we, as humans get to a certain age all of us tend to know similar concepts such as those of the Forms described by Socrates in Phaedo. Further, Plato maintains that no true knowledge can come about from experience and that knowledge is innate; therefore experience from a previous life could not have given us the knowledge of the Forms, such as equality, beauty and justice etc. On the other hand in Platos defence that it could be said that our very first soul was created with such knowledge; that is our first soul was created with the knowledge of Forms. However there are those that object to this line of view claiming that Plato does not provide an answer on how the cycle of birth and death of the soul begin? And if it has a beginning how can it end? (http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/phaedo/section5.rhtml). Owen Mcleod highlights this fact stating If the soul cannot die, then the soul is indestructible. The general principle being assumed here seems to be that if x cannot die, then x is indestructible. But.If x is destructible, then x can die. This is clearly false. Inanimate objects of all sorts rocks, shoes, corporations can be destroyed, and hence are destructible, but they do not literally die upon destructionMore so is Platos meaning of equality. Plato advances equality not just as a relation to two objects but as a property in itself. Yet we wouldnt normally think of a single stick on its own of being able to have the property of equality and so forthFurther Platos knowledge as discussed above is not that of future events or empirical knowledge but that of the knowledge of the Forms. Therefore for the Argument from Recollection to work the Theory of Forms must be accepted. This is as Hackforth states: the doctrine of Forms is with that of the souls existence before its incarnation: in other words, they stand and fall together. Attempts to p rove the Theory of the Forms may succeed or fail, but what the significance here is that Platonised Socrates does not explicitly prove or justify the Theory of the Forms Another problem of Platos argument is regarding the type of judgment that Recollection of the Forms leads us to make.If as Plato states that everything we perceive in the world, including those sense perceived judgments; are sustained by the Forms, it would suggest that all human beings judgments are correct, as the Forms are pure truth. Yet this conclusion would be widely inaccurate as human beings make many incorrect judgments, the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster is a testament to this as it was human errors which resulted in destroying the lives of thousands of people. Conclusion Platos Theory of Recollection is a coherent argument and one which attempts to prove that the soul does pre-exist the body. Plato Phaedo works on many grounds due to the fact that we as human beings can relate too much of what Plato has written. It is widely accepted that when humans look at an object we can be reminded of a particular person or event. Therefore it does not seem strange to think of abstract qualities such as equality in the same way. Nonetheless, the Theory of Recollection rest upon premises which once examined shows misgivings within the argument. Plato Argument from Recollection relies heavy on his Theory of Forms which he assumes are not doubtable and due to this the Theory of Recollection automatically proves the existence of the soul. Yet the Forms are susceptible to doubt, as discussed before if humans decisions are imbued by the Forms then surely the Forms are doubtable as human beings decisions are incorrect time after time. Further modern day philosophy has simply described Phaedo as a religious doctrine supported by poets (Hackforth 1992), suggesting that Phaedo may have proved the pre-existence of the soul in Ancient Greek, yet now in the modern era it is must be seen as no more than a religious doctrine which was widely accepted at the time. Against modern philosophy Platos argument does not appear to be justified. Karl Poppers falsification theory, for example, demands that any suggestion that is put forward must be done so in terms that allows it to be falsified. If the idea requires certain assumptions that are impossible to prove, like the Theory of the Forms, then we cannot consider it as being valid Yet the context in which the dialogue was written must be considered when evaluating the Theory of Recollection. Socrates is condemned to death and his final hours are upon him, it is clear that Socrates purpose in the dialogue is to explain his views on death to his friends. Socrates lack of concern in the face of death surprises Cebes and Simminas and this prompts Socrates to convey his views on the immortality of the soul. Furthermore the period the dialogue was written, it was universally accepted that life existed after death. Thus Plato task is to link life after death to life before death. Therefore a modern reader must bare this in mind when considering Platos Theory of Recollection. Thus after examining Platos Theory of Recollection it can be concluded that though the argument is coherent, key premises are subject to criticism which undermines Platos argument. Furthermore with development of modern philosophy and developments in science the Theory of Recollection is subject to further failings, thus to a modern reader it would be difficult to accept the Theory of Recollection as golden proof for the pre-existence of the soul, yet at the time Plato wrote Phaedo the argument would have been accepted by a great number of people.

Human Behavior & society Essay

One good argument in favor of natural determination of human behavior is through an experiment done with lab rats. In this case, a castrated male rat (with no testosterone) is placed with a female lab rat that has been injected with testosterone. In this case, the female acts dominant while the male is submissive. This to an extent proves that natural factors e. g. hormones play an important role in human behavior. Besides this, the moodiness experienced by humans undergoing puberty, as well as pre-menstrual syndrome, in which human behavior fluctuates, shows that natural factors do play a role in determining human behavior. On the other hand, the lab rat experiment is questionable, mainly because the biology of rats is significantly different from humans, and secondly, because humans themselves consume testosterone without such drastic swings in behavior. This suggests that what is currently seen as hormone-triggered changes in human behavior could have social undercurrents. Human behavior itself is a highly complex topic. In some instances, as seen with hormones and also genetically inherited diseases, it is completely due to natural circumstances and events. In other instances, certain types of human behavior is caused by social conditioning and socialization e. g. compliance with the law and the observance of norms and values. In some unusual cases, it is determined by nature and society, working hand-in-hand, or sometimes one after the other to cause a change in such behavior. To judge this issue in terms of absolutes would be unjustified. Exactly in what way human behavior is developed depends on both society and on nature- and in many cases either society or nature is more dominant. However, it is clear that human behavior overall is shaped by a blend of both natural and social factors and issues, from genetic inheritance to socio-economic class.

Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an...

Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an Organization In the course text, read the case study at the bottom of page 230. Write a 3-5 page paper on what could be a mission or vision of the Community Medical Center that would guide the president in his decision about the case of an operating room nurse who may have HIV/AIDS. What could be the decision and how will the decision be communicated to the physicians, employees, to the board, and the public. The thought of a healthcare worker with a positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis sounds risk laden for someone who is undereducated on virus transmission risks. As a leader in a healthcare facility, it is imperative the president of Community Medical Center dispel†¦show more content†¦So, the president is compelled to use the garbage can model decision model to quash the confusion. Using this model, he can practice the established, documented processes provided by the state guidelines, the Center for Disease Control and the International Labor Organization. The president is required to abide by nondiscrimination laws. He will locate the current Georgia guidelines for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during exposure-prone invasive procedures through the Centers for Disease Control and the International Labor Organization. Within the state of Georgia guidelines, there is no definition of a healthcare worker or an invasive procedure. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) And, virus testing of a healthcare worker is voluntary. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) Also, notification of patients and staff is considered on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration whether exposure has occurred, an assessment of specific risks, and confidentiality issues. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) If documented transmission has occurred, written informed consent should be obtained from all future patients who will have exposure-prone invasive procedures performed. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) Then, upon id entification of an infected healthcare worker performing an invasive procedure, the healthcare worker will be contacted and the Director of the Division of Public Health may convene an EPR toShow MoreRelatedCase Study: Decision Making Based on Mission Vision of Organization912 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Case Study: Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of Organization Marie Bisano Shannon Corbett-Perez MHA601 May 4, 2013 Introduction In this case study, Community Medical Center has a strong reputation for quality of medical care. The president of CMC has the difficult position of making a crucial decision that will impact his licensed and unlicensed staff, patients and the community at large. 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Electrical Hazards Are Not For Electric Shock - 946 Words

Electrical hazards are not limited to electric shock; those who are not working with or using electricity may be also at risk. Faulty electrical appliance or equipment and poor electrical installations may lead to fire which could potentially injure people around it. According to National Fire Protection Association, approximately 2600 people are killed in home fires each year, most are caused by electrical faults [4]. Also, electricity or even static could be the source of ignition in a potentially flammable or explosive atmosphere. For example, in a garage where contain vaporized gasoline due to a tipped over gas tank, the static generated between the car door and key can cause explosion if the ratio between air vaporized gasoline is within the explosive range. Electromagnetic interference is disturbance which can affect an electrical circuit with electromagnetic induction or radiation [6]. It’s a serious hazard especially for airlines. The modern aircrafts are heavily dependent on navigation and other vital electronic systems. Electromagnetic interference may cause these systems to malfunction and lead to crash. A researcher from Harvard University, Elaine Scarry stated that Electromagnetic interference in the airspace east of JFK airport may have caused three air crashes in 20th century; the crash of TWA Flight 800 in1996, the crash of Swissair Flight 111 in 1998, and crash of Egypt Air Flight 990 in 1999 [7]. The proof was that both flight took off from the sameShow MoreRelatedSafety for Electrical System Workers Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Electrical Safety is not an option — it is absolutely necessary for workers and employers alike†. Safety in the workplace is job number one for employer and employee alike. It is especially important for those who install and service electrical systems. 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The United States of America is known to be the land of...

The United States of America is known to be the land of the free. In addition to that, it is the country of choices and chance. The right that one would carry around in this nation is considered abundant in contrast to others. However, with the freedom of rights, one also carries the responsibilities to make the U.S the superpower and 1st world country its known for using the patriotism of its citizens. The relationship between the nation and its citizens help accomplish a pleasant environment where they are glad to use their rights and eager to finish their responsibilities to preserve the democratic ideals of its country. This nation ensures that the people are holding certain rights under the law. Basic rights such as the first†¦show more content†¦Although all the rights stated within the amendments made to the constitutions contain some level of importance, the first amendment is arguably the most important. It states that congress is not allowed to make any laws regarding religion, against the freedom of speech and petition, and against the press. This gives the citizens the right to worship as they wish, argue as much as they want, and listen to uncensored news. It ensures the second to basic human rights that the common citizen has grown sentiment for and is considered the pride of this nation. Just having the right to worship whatever one believes in is simple, yet intuitive. It shows that even the little things such as the first amendment can impact society for the better. On the other hand, the responsibilities to this amendment is that, because the government does not filter what yo u hear or see, you would have to do it yourself. This makes ideas to be heard easier, but would cause more paranoia from the idea you have the opportunity to listen to. Imagine sitting at home doing what you like most. Your phone rings from nowhere and, because it rings irritably, you decided to pick it up. Your heart then stops by the 10 words that would change your life, Sir, your ruling has changed. You have been found guilty. Another important amendment made to the constitution is the 5th amendment which protects the citizens of this nation from double-jeopardy, orShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson s Indian Removal Policy1379 Words   |  6 PagesRemoval Policy Known as a highly regarded military general, Andrew Jackson was justified in his signing of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, because it allowed for the expansion of America by land acquisition and economic growth while at the same time protecting the culture of the American Indian tribes from total extinction. During the early 1800s, America, a newly born nation, was growing in a hurry. 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The original idea of democracy that America’s Founding Fathers promoted has shifted throughout the years. America was founded on the principles of freedom and liberty and many of these freedoms and liberties are being stripped away, or are at risk of being stripped away, by the American government. America is no longer a democracy, but it is an oligarchy. America is considered an oligarchy because of one reasonRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pages America: Land of the Incarcerated Connor Murphy Mesa Community College â€Æ' In 1814, Francis Scott Key wrote the poem The Star Spangled Banner after witnessing the attack on Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy in the War of 1812. The poem was sang to the tune of a well-known British song and eventually, Key’s once amateur patriotic poem became the United States national anthem in which the lyrics strongly symbolize our country’s perseverance and freedom. 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The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 27 Free Essays

â€Å"What did Scarlett say to you last night?† Adam asked. He and Cassie were taking an early morning walk out on the bluff before the others woke up. â€Å"A lot. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 27 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Cassie stared off at the horizon as she spoke, imagining herself getting lost somewhere in that line between the ocean and the sky. She didn’t have the heart to tell Adam that Scarlett knew about the cord between them. â€Å"She got me thinking about my power,† Cassie said. â€Å"I don’t want to live in fear anymore. In fear of myself and what I’m capable of.† â€Å"You shouldn’t have to.† Adam was trying to be supportive, even though Cassie’s dark powers were far beyond his realm of understanding. He was afraid for her and she knew it. In his eyes she could see how much he wished he could take on the burden himself. â€Å"So what does Scarlett suggest you do?† Adam asked. â€Å"She said if I embrace my dark magic I can learn to control it. Which has obviously been my problem lately. Controlling it.† Adam stepped around Cassie to face her, blocking her view over the bluff. â€Å"Do you think you can learn to do that?† â€Å"I don’t know what I think. I’m not sure if I can even trust my own thoughts.† Adam wrapped his arms around Cassie and pulled her in. She could smell the salt water drifting in the air and off his skin. â€Å"Well, I’ll tell you what I think. I think we won’t know until you try. And I will stand by you every step of the way, no matter what.† â€Å"But what if it goes badly? What if it changes me, more than it already has?† â€Å"None of us knows what the future holds or who we’ll become, Cassie. But I do know that we can be true to who we are right now. And that applies to me loving you, and you loving me, and to you being able to connect to the light inside of you. That’s not going anywhere.† Adam kissed the top of Cassie’s head and then let her go. â€Å"But you also have to trust yourself. You have to have faith in your own fundamental goodness.† Cassie nodded. â€Å"I think I’m ready to.† Without another word, Adam swooped in and kissed her. She almost laughed – it was the last thing she expected him to do at that moment. She had been on the verge of asking him about the brief look he had exchanged with Scarlett the night before, the one that had set her off in an internal jealous rage. But as she leaned in to kiss him back, she forgot all about that. She could feel the sun on her back and hear the ocean in the distance. Sometimes Adam knew just what to do to make everything all right. Everyone was groggy from sleep and clinging to coffee mugs when Cassie announced a Circle meeting in the secret room. Faye sat with her bedspread still wrapped around her and even Diana looked like she could have used another hour of rest, but Cassie’s news was sure to wake them right up. â€Å"I’ve done some thinking since yesterday,† she said to the group as they gathered round. â€Å"And I’ve decided that Diana should bring my father’s book here for Scarlett to take a look at.† Scarlett met Cassie’s eyes and something passed between them, a beat of understanding. But Cassie quickly looked away, breaking the moment. She didn’t want to feel like she had too much in common with her sister. â€Å"I know the spell my father used will work to defeat the hunters.† Cassie had everyone’s full attention now. â€Å"And Scarlett can translate it for us. She understands the book’s language.† All attention spun to Scarlett’s direction. Faye tossed her blanket off like a cape. Diana’s mouth dropped open. â€Å"Scarlett can translate it for us?† she repeated. Her green eyes flashed at Cassie. â€Å"That’s a huge responsibility for Scarlett to take on alone.† Faye smirked. â€Å"What Diana means is, how do we know we can trust her? If none of us know the difference. She can tell us to do anything she wants.† â€Å"Because I’m trusting her,† Cassie said. â€Å"That’s it?† Faye was expecting more. Cassie’s heart thumped and thrashed within her chest, but she maintained her strength and composure. â€Å"And because it’s time to end this, once and for all. Scarlett has no reason to mislead us. She wants to be rid of the hunters just as much as we do.† â€Å"Hear, hear,† Nick said from his sleeping bag. â€Å"So when and where do we go after them?† â€Å"I can help with that.† Diana shook off the surprise of the prior moment and spoke up. â€Å"Max knows where the hunters assemble. I bet we can infiltrate one of their meetings.† â€Å"We can ambush them,† Nick said. â€Å"When they least expect it.† â€Å"But in exchange,† Diana deferred to Cassie, â€Å"I ask that the Circle spare Max from whatever the curse will do.† â€Å"No way,† Faye shouted. â€Å"There’s no reason to believe Max’s puppy-dog love for Diana is any more real than his feelings for me were.† â€Å"Faye, we’ve been through this already,† Melanie said. â€Å"You have to let it go.† â€Å"I’m not going to let it go,† Faye insisted. â€Å"Because it was the same thing – â€Å" â€Å"It wasn’t the same thing.† Diana’s cheeks were flushed and her eyes were sharp. â€Å"It wasn’t even close to the same thing. I’ve tried to be nice about this, Faye, but you’re making that impossible. Do you need me to break it down for you? You were using magic to mess with Max’s mind. I have found my soul mate. Do you get the difference?† Faye defied Diana with a fixed stare. â€Å"As a leader of this Circle I hereby raise the issue of Diana’s inability to be impartial when considering Max’s trustworthiness.† â€Å"Oh shut up, Faye,† Melanie said. â€Å"Melanie!† Cassie shouted. â€Å"You’re out of line. Faye has the floor and she’s raised a legitimate issue to the Circle.† Diana swung around to look at Cassie. â€Å"Seriously? You’re going to let her go with this?† â€Å"She has a right to voice her concern,† Cassie said apologetically. â€Å"Thank you, Cassie.† Faye stood up to better command the space. She eyed Diana, Melanie, and Laurel, who were clustered on top of Laurel’s bed. Then she turned to Chris, Doug, and Deborah scattered around Nick’s sleeping bag on the floor. And finally she rested her eyes on Scarlett, who was seated off to the side with only Sean nearby. â€Å"I know what you all saw in the woods,† Faye said. â€Å"I was there. I know Max stood up to his father to protect Diana. But I also saw Max leave with his father, as you all did. Not with us. With him.† Faye paused to glare specifically at Melanie before continuing. â€Å"Yet now we’re going to trust Max to tell us where to find the hunters, where to find his father, so we can attack them on their own turf. Do I have to be the one to say it? Am I the only one who thinks this sounds like a trap?† Melanie was quiet. They all were. Even Cassie had to admit Faye had a valid argument. â€Å"Faye?† Diana said. â€Å"You’re right.† She took control of the floor. â€Å"I am partial. I do believe Max will truthfully lead us to the hunters, and in good faith I believe he should be spared from whatever negative effects the curse will have. But the rest of you are free to decide for yourselves.† Diana turned to Cassie. â€Å"I propose a vote to declare the Circle’s decision, and I will abstain from that vote.† After a few more seconds of tense quiet, Cassie called on Melanie. â€Å"Will you do the honors, please?† Melanie rose, cleared her throat, and said in her cool, authoritative tone: â€Å"All in favor of sparing Max if he leads us to the hunters, raise your hands.† To Cassie’s surprise, enough hands shot immediately up to decide the vote without counting. Even at a time like this there still seemed to be an inclination among the group to align themselves with Diana. Melanie beamed with satisfaction. â€Å"The majority of the Circle believes Max can be trusted. And we promise to spare him.† â€Å"Thank you,† Diana said. Cassie wasn’t sure she’d ever seen Diana more sincere, and that was saying something. Faye shook her head and sneered at her. â€Å"Cry your tears of joy now. But if Max betrays us, neither of you will be spared. I’ll see to that myself.† Cassie parted her lips to speak but instead found herself looking at Faye, whose eyes reflected a concentrated power. Then she quickly turned her attention to Diana and said, â€Å"I’m sure it won’t come to that.† But Cassie wasn’t really sure. Maybe Diana was being naive. Maybe she was, too. Scarlett whispered something into Adam’s ear and he nodded. It was getting more and more difficult to determine who was trustworthy anymore. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 27, Essay examples

Juvenile Violence free essay sample

Doffs Society In 1996 more crimes involving Juveniles ages ten to seventeen had occurred then twenty years prior to that. The increase in crime was nearly 67 percent (Barbour, 1999). These crimes Include school shootings, robbery, and other various violent acts. The violence has yet to cease. There continues to be an increase in these aggressive behaviors. Thesis What caused such a large increase in Juvenile violence?Music lyrics, family Truckee, and violent video games are key factors in the Increase of Juvenile violence. The youth play a vital role In society. If the causes are not Identified and explored, juvenile violence will continue to increase rapidly. Society will then suffer and begin a downward spiral towards destruction. Music Lyrics According to Bryan Grapes, the message delivered by many of todays popular rap groups, Like Bone Thugs -?N-? Harmony and artist such as Outpace Shaker, Is that violence is and acceptable way of life (2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Violence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If these are the messages being portrayed in todays rap lyrics, then music is a key factor in juvenile violence. Mitchell Johnson, a student of Wasted Middle School In Sensors, Arkansas, Is one of two youths convicted of killing four students, one teacher, and wounding ten others on March 24, 1998 (Grapes, 2000). His teacher, Debbie Pulley was present during the violent occurrence. She states Mitchell was always respectful by using yes maam and no maam in he responses to me.I never saw him exhibit anger, never saw him commit any hostile act toward any other student or exhibit any behavior that would make me think Mitchell could commit this act (Grapes, 2000). After the tragic act, Ms. Pulley and professional counselor James N. Woods asked around campus and looked for possible reasons why Mitchell would have committed this act of violence. They concluded that Mitchell had been listening to gangster rap and had shown a change two months prior to the shooting. Rap lyrics tend to glamorous violence by connecting violence to street credibility and status.Rap music has grown in popularity and at the same time Juvenile violence has increased, leading to the conclusion that music lyrics cause teen violence. Family Structure Family structure Is Important In the development of adolescents. Hat Is labeled right and wrong is taught by the first social group that a child encounters. Family happens to be the first social group a child comes in contact with. Family has an effect on many of the behavioral traits that a child will learn throughout their life. When Improper traits are taught, the child will come believe that these acts are acceptable in society. Fatherless boys are more apt to Join gangs and commit violent crimes (Barbour, 1999). Men who grow up without fathers currently represent 70 believe that single parent homes tend to lack economic and emotional stability that re only found by interacting with two parents (Barbour, 1999). Learning what both parents have to teach is essential in the development of a child. Video Games Video games have always played a part in childrens lives.Since the mind of a Child absorbs so much, what they see and encounter in video games might cause them to believe that what they are doing is not harmful or of any consequence grapes, 2000). A contributor, Rick Dyer, states that These are not Just video games anymore, these are learning machines. Were teaching kids in the most incredible manner what its like to pull the trigger. The combination of heart-pounding music, fife like scenarios, and the life like characters that a video game produces can play a major role in a childs ability to make the right decision (Grapes, 2000).Video games play a more productive role in a childs life rather than a gory movie scene because the movie will only show the violence. The video game will give the child a real-life feeling because they pressed the button that pulled the trigger. Over 1,000 reports and studies on video game violence have concluded that video games play a role in ;venial violence (Barbour, 1999). There are educational video games to teach Children subjects such as math and reading.