Basic Economics.Which economic system is best suited for handling a crisis of epic proportions? Essay

Essential Economics Presentation Which financial framework is most appropriate for taking care of an emergency of amazing magnitude?  â â â â â â â â â â  In the frequency of risks, catastrophes, threatsâ just as taking care of crisis’s of epic proportionsâ , for example, tropical storms, fires, snowstorms and floods among others, work of the Socialist framework helps administrations at all levels deal with and oversee such rates . The framework is methodical, proactive and guides offices at all degrees of the administration organization, NGOs, just as the private segment to fill in as a group and handle such emergency paying little heed to the size, the multifaceted nature, the source and the area (Kornai and Oxford University Press, 1992). Moreover, it gives a mix of help from various segments.  In this case, the framework decreases and once in a while forestall death toll, the loss of property and natural pulverizations from rates of any level. Basically, it gives a typical methodology in overseeing rates. For this situation, the communism framework assumes a significant job in offeri ng arrangements as the administration pays each and every individual who works inside the conditions. As most debacles are neighborhood, the quick network, the gatherings inside the region and the people inside go about as the specialists on call for a disaster henceforth use of the communist framework serves the best. This rouses people to help and help the individuals out of luck. In particular, the communist framework is the best framework in overseeing emergency as it shows individuals inside the general public the significance of living respectively, sharing assets and helping each other during the critical crossroads. Why a communist framework may be the best in reacting to the necessities of individuals struck by a crisis like the seismic tremor that happened in Haiti in January 2010? Communist social orders give quick answers for offer dire and controlled answers for crises and all the more so fiascos of incredible scale as the one endured in Haiti in 2010. This is on the grounds that the framework can call for help for a bigger scope since it plans on the blend of open, private and government claimed operations(Marangos and Palgrave Connect (Online assistance), 2013).  The frequency of the tremor that happened in Haiti was so cataclysmic to such an extent that it prompted breakdown of structures that caused the passings of thousands of individuals and left many harmed without food and fundamental commodities(Marangos and Palgrave Connect (Online assistance), 2013) . In spite of the fact that the US government and the UN offered fundamental help and help in salvage and arrangement of essential wares, the communist framework could have worked better. Communist people group utilize the framework to guarantee a typical base to benefit the country and human needs a nd give a typical methodology in giving an answer. The framework edifies people in general to accept the fundamental measures just as abstaining from holding up the legislature to bring an answer by perceiving that every individual has a task to carry out. It functions admirably on the grounds that it premise its undertakings in quick refocusing and rearrangement of endeavors. Why it costs more to warm our homes in the winter?  â â â â â â â â â â In the laws of gracefully and request, when the interest of items goes up, the cost of the items ordinarily goes up. In case of the enlarged expenses of warming up our homes throughout the winter, a similar law applies. For example, since everybody in the market endeavors to buy items for warming their homes, the interest shoots up consequently the costs significantly increment. Along these lines, if request increments and the flexibly stay unaltered, a lack is built up subsequently a higher balance costs (Gottheil, 1998). In winter, the equivalent applies as the vitality supplies continues as before as the interest expands overwhelmingly an angle that means raised bills for clients. For example, change in climate conditions fills in as the main consideration with respect to why customers pay more as far as vitality utilized throughout the winter. References Marangos, J., and Palgrave Connect (Online help). (2013). Consistency and reasonability of communist  monetary frameworks. New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Gottheil, F. M. (1998). Standards of financial aspects. South-Western school distributing. Kornai, J., and Oxford University Press. (1992). The Socialist framework: The political economy of  â â â â socialism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Great Italian Cuicine Without Wait free essay sample

It required a local road for development. Alessio had convinced Porcini’s senior officials to consider opening constrained menu outlets, Porcini’s â€Å"Pronto,† to serve interstate roadway voyagers. Most contenders serving this market were inexpensive food or low-end outlets. Alessio accepted that Pronto could offer a quality contrast that voyagers would esteem, yet the difficulties were generous. Could Pronto’s gainfully give a restricted determination of Porcini’s standard menu at moderate costs without risking the company’s notoriety for fantastic food? Might it be able to keep up Porcini’s broadly high assistance principles? Might it be able to beneficially break into a market involved by built up contenders? Food and administration quality were just two parts of the test. Porcini’sâ€a moderate developing, secretly held enterpriseâ€would need to reveal its new cafés rapidly so as to set up itself as an incredible brand. With constrained capital and access to prime land locales, in any case, that appeared to be far-fetched except if it embraced either a diversifying or a syndication model of possession. We will compose a custom paper test on Incredible Italian Cuicine Without Wait or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The first took a chance with the company’s quality notoriety; the second may deliver a pace of development that the organization was sick prepared to deal with. Working with VP of Operations Kurt Jensen, HR executive Wanda Halloran, and Chief Chef Mariana Molise, Alessio had outlined out strategies for encouraging Pronto’s quality objectives. These incorporated an inventive procedure for choosing, evaluating, and remunerating representatives, and the utilization of remote innovation to dispose of time from client charging. In the interim, Chef Molise had started detailing menu things for â€Å"great Italian food without the pause. † In Alessio’s mind, all pieces of the Pronto conceptâ€service quality, food quality, evaluating, marking, area, and proprietorship formâ€had to be composed and commonly steady. Copyright  © 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To arrange duplicates or solicitation consent to replicate materials, call 1-800-545-7685, compose Harvard Business Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. This distribution may not be digitized, copied, or in any case replicated, posted, or transmitted, without the authorization of Harvard Business School. 4277 | Porcini’s Pronto: â€Å"Great Italian food without the pause! † Company Background Porcini’s, Inc. , had started in 1969 as a family-possessed café in Boston’s North Endâ€a generally Italian-American neighborhood. Throughout the following two decades it opened new Porcini’s eateries in Hyannis, Massachusetts, Providence and Newport, Rhode Island, and Hartford, Connecticut. In 1989, the family (the Ventolas) offered a controlling enthusiasm for the venture to a gathering of private speculators. The new administration extended to various midtown and shopping center areas in the northeastern United States, contending with comparably estimated full-administration eatery networks. With the exception of during the downturn of 2008â€2009, Porcini’s had expanded incomes and profit each year. By yearend 2010, Porcini’s, Inc. , worked 23 areas, utilized 954 eople (some low maintenance), and created $94. 3 million in incomes. Its net revenue had ascended to 4% from under 3% the prior year. Indeed, even the same number of contenders were enduring, Porcini’s was progressing nicely. The company’s senior administrators ascribed Porcini’s accomplishment to consiste ntly great food and administration at every area. That quality could be followed to the long understanding of individual café administrators, administrative faculty, and gourmet experts, a generally steady workforce, and to the plans of Chef Mariana Molise, who had won the pined for James Beard grant while running the kitchen at New York’s Catania Grille. On joining the organization in 2006, Molise applied her culinary standards to Porcini’s less-expensive menu and by and by prepared each outlet’s gourmet specialist in her â€Å"flash cooking† strategies. Her mark vitello ala Mariana and container singed scallops with mushrooms had become top choices all through the chain. â€Å"Twenty-three restaurants,† one eatery pundit told perusers, â€Å"and every make nearly everything without any preparation, utilizing new fixings and guileful introductions. † And yet the normal course cost just a few dollars more than those of Olive Garden’s, a close to equal. Through management's eyes, thoughtfulness regarding quality separated it from Olive Garden, and from progressively equation based contenders, for example, Unos, Bertucci’s, and Buca di Beppo. Likewise, each Porcini’s made the climate of an extraordinary, family-claimed restaurantâ€in keeping with its North End rootsâ€unlike the â€Å"Italian topic park† air of numerous contenders. Clients esteemed the distinction and made Porcini’s a ground-breaking local brand. Table help coordinated the food in quality; in 2010 a noticeable New England café manage gave Porcini’s its â€Å"Best Chain Service† grant for the fourth continuous year.

Metaphor of the Month! Deadline Richmond Writing

Metaphor of the Month! Deadline Richmond Writing For June 1, Im on deadline for my and Brian McTagues forthcoming book,  Writing Centers at the Center of Change.  I planned to take a weeklong break on this blog for Memorial Day, but I wanted to know more about the term deadline. In any case it serves me well, if a little early, for our June Metaphor. Where did this drop-dead-serious figure of speech first appear? The OED Online, for once, provides no definitive etymology of the term! The most interesting candidate is a military one from the United States, with its earliest use given as 1864, during our Civil War. A dead line is A line drawn around a military prison, beyond which a prisoner is liable to be shot down. The grim origin has been lost as we use deadline for everything now. To my knowledge, rarely have editors shot authors or publishers shot editors. Thats my cue. Back to work. Have a word or metaphor worth pondering? This blog will continue all summer.  Please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Nick Youngsons Creative Common Image courtesy of Picpedia.

The Uprising in Child Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1210 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Abstract The uprising in child abuse cases in America is forcing the country to open its eyes and investigate the underlying issue. Psychologist, social workers, law enforcement and researcher are all working hand and hand to combat the dilemma, yet all face the puzzling question Why does this continue happen? And Where does the issue stem from?. These are two question that once solved could substantially decrease cases of child abuse. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Uprising in Child Abuse" essay for you Create order Erik Erikson in 1963 was one the first to divulge the importance of human development. His approach was generally based off his findings and description of the eight periods of human development. Throughout the detailed stages he described how pivotal and fragile each stage was for childhood development, regarding the exposure the child met. This exposure could be negative in the case of child abuse. Succeeding Ericksons early research and discoveries, further research defined child abuse in various forms each with detrimental and traumatic effects, on a childs psychological, physical and emotional state. Despite the advancements in detailed psychological analysis, strides towards an effort to alleviate child abuse have been made, but much aid is still needed to resolve child abuse. Children who suffer from long terms child abuse or malnourishment have showed negative signs of their childhood development. The United States has one of the worst records among industrialized nations losing on average between four and seven children every day to child abuse and neglect (Child Abuse Statistics, n.d). Nearly 700,000 children are abused in the U.S annually. An estimated 683,000 children (unique incidents) were victims of abuse and neglect in 2015, the most recent year for which there is national data (National Statistics on Child Abuse, n.d). Throughout this paper, I will address what types of abuse and what influences can cause abuse. I will also be going over how Eric Eriksons theory play a role in human development and how children who are abused are affected later in life. Child abuse can be used in many different forms and can affect the childs development negatively. According to National Childrens Alliance Neglect is the most common form of maltreatment. Of the children who experienced maltreatment or abuse, three-quarters suffered neglect; 17.2% suffered physical abuse; and 8.4% suffered sexual abuse. (Some children are polyvictimized †they have suffered more than one form of maltreatment) (National Statistics on Child Abuse, n.d). Child Abuse are seen in many types of different forms for example some children suffer from sexual, physical, neglect or verbal abuse. These types of abuse can impact a large effect on a childs development process. Three things that influence child abuse is culture influence, poverty and social isolation (Santrock, 2016). Some examples of cultural influence are how we punish our children when they dont meet our expectations. For example, spanking your child when they misbehave can be taken beyond what is considered appreciate. For poverty this happens due to lack of income or not enough resources to support a c hild which causes a stressful environment. Lastly you have social isolation, this happens when they have little support from high valued people in their life to deal with stressful events. When a child goes through these traumatic experiences, they tend to show problems later in their life. According to Chapter 7 of our books children who are abused and have no physical damage have showed signs of having poor peer relationships, being disruptive at school; earn low grades and test scores, have disturbed cognitive development, experience more depression, are more prone to abuse their children/spouses and to consider or attempt suicide as adults, when a child is raised it is expected to meet certain phases so it can become a well-developed individual when they grow up (Santrock, 2016). Eric Erikson was a well-known psychologist who divided a humans life span into eight periods called phases. The eight phases Erikson included was trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ident ity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. According Eric Erikson if a human doesnt complete a phase or skips a phase, they may carry it onto the next phase. Depending on how this person may cope with this problem may depend if it will impact them later in life. Eriksons description of human development can play a hefty role in a childs development. Lets say the child was abused emotionally by being left to cry and never getting attention from his parents, this could affect their toddler stage of the Eriksons theory. The toddler phase states that they will either learn to trust or mistrust so if the toddler is not getting the correct attention it may not hold good relations later. According to Kalat John Bowlby proposed that infants who develop good attachment have a sense of security and safety, and those without strong attachments have trouble developing close relations later as well (Kalat, 2017). Another phase of Eriksons that can be affected is young adult (intimacy versus isolation), due to the abuse they may have not been able to hold a healthy relationship causing them to most likely to swing towards isolation. When someone cant find someone or is isolated a lot of times people become depressed or dont feel their life being worthy. Due to this crisis in this phase it could cause someone to become suicidal. This is just one of many theories that can be affected when a child is abused. Due to many child abuses throughout the country they have been able to create programs and preventions for such traumatic events. Most of these programs are held at a medical facility and help both children and parents with education on prevention and mentoring. According to our book Some preventive measures are reducing positive attitudes toward physical punishment, reducing poverty and its stressful effects, maintaining social supports that advise parents and provide opportunities to vent, increasing counseling and training in parenting skills (e.g., for at-risk families due to child illness), maltreatment is typically a consequence of ignorance and burden, not malice, etc (Santrock, 2016). Even though childr en who are exposed to this type of traumatic event seem to be difficult to help, they all need that one person to help them move forward and succeed in their life. In conclusion, child abuse is used more than not to handle other peoples emotion or past traumatic events. Throughout this paper you will notice that there is more than one kind of child abuse that is used every day in America. In some situations, most connect back to parents or someone that is close to the child that inflicts this type of event due to influence we face every day. Eriksons stages of human development can also help many people understand what a child or teenage may need to achieve to be a successful human being. If we used the table of Eriksons stages of human development, we may be able to create a healthier environment for a childs upbringing. Due to many programs that have evolved over time people can find ways to prevent abusive situations and switch them with healthier alternate solutions. With all of these resources and evidence child abuse should be able to be eliminated and be able to provide children with a more health environment.

Langston Hughes Poetry Analyzing Themes of Racism

Langston Hughes Throughout many of Langston Hughes poetry, there seems to be a very strong theme of racism. Poems such as Ballad of the Landlord, I, Too, and Dinner Guest: Me are some good examples of that theme. The Ballad of the Landlord addresses the issue of prejudice in the sense of race as well as class. The lines My roof has sprung a leak. / Dont you member I told you about it/ Way last week? (Hughes 2/4) show the reader that the speaker, the tenant, is of a much lower class than his landlord. It also shows that the landlord could care less of what condition his building is in as long as the money is still coming in. Well, thats Ten Bucks moren Ill pay you / Till you fix this house up new. (Hughes 11/12)†¦show more content†¦Langston Hughes is a poet with whom to reckon, to experience, and here and there, with that apologetic feeling of presumption that should companion all criticism, to quarrel. (Cullen 1041) Countee Cullen admires Hughes for his emancipated spirit among a class of young writers whose particular battle-cry is freedom. Many people agree with Cullens views on Hughes because of such poems as I, Too and Dinner Guest: Me. In these poem we can however see th e attitude of the speaker change because of the huge gap between them. At one point Cullen says that to her, some of his works seem to give only one side of the story. They tend to hurl this poet into the gapping pit that lies before all Negro writers, in the confines of which they become racial artists instead of artists pure and simple. (Cullen 1041) Some may disagree with her opinion on this, but the rest of her thoughts on Langston Hughes seem to be universal. As proved through the above mentioned examples and essays, Langston Hughes often used the theme of racism in his works. Many people feel that this theme is expressed so strongly because of Hughes family background. For whatever reasons he uses this particular theme, it is one that is very obvious to all of us who appreciate his many works. Works Cited Barksdale, Richard K. On Censoring Ballad of the Landlord. Meyer 1038. Cullen, Countee. On Racial Poetry. Meyer 1041. Hughes, Langston Ballad of theShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Poetry Analysis Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesArt is the illusion in which we see the truth- Pablo Picasso Langston Hughes clearly connects with a wide range of audiences through the simplicity that surrounds his poetry. The beauty of this manner in which he wrote his poetry, is that it grasp people by illustrating his narratives of the common lifestyles experienced by the current American generation. His art form expresses certain questionable ideologies of life and exposes to the audience what it takes to fully comprehend what being anRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Movement By Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, And Ralph Waldo Ellison931 Words   |  4 Pagesthe form of visual arts, musical elements, and even performing arts during the 1920s. Due to this movement, Harlem became the city that â€Å"gave African Americans a physical cultural center.† [1] Renowned black artists such as Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, and Ralph Waldo Ellison were primary figures that became well-known for their many artistic and creative pieces during this popular time. Created by a class of English teachers in April of 2003, a Wikipedia page was made in dedication of theRead MoreGoophered Grapes Pre Ready 1 Essay example2710 Words   |  11 Pagesfair-skinned black person as revealed by Mary Zeigler in her article, History And Background Of The Charles W. Chesnutt Commemorative Stamp (Zeigler). But while Chesnutt’s book, â€Å"The Conjure Woman† does address problems such as â€Å"slavery, miscegenation, and racism† as also pointed out in Zeigler’s article, what has to be considered is the actual work that the text is doing, how the actual words are placed in the text, how the characters are portrayed, and what ideals are actually being enforced or discouraged

Spinal Immobilisation Free Essays

Spinal Immobilisation: A Literature Review A review of the literature regarding spinal immobilisation has been undertaken using databases for PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, OVID and Cochrane EBM. Reviews were electronically searched using the subject headings â€Å"spinal injuries†, â€Å"spinal immobilisation† and â€Å"management of spinal injuries†. The results generated by the search were limited to English language articles and reviewed for relevance to the topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Spinal Immobilisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aim of this literature review is to compare and contrast the views on spinal immobilisation and to achieve a better knowledge of evidence based practice. According to Chiles and Cooper (1996) spinal injury should always be suspected in patients with severe systemic trauma, patients with minor trauma who report spinal pain or have sensory or motor symptoms, and patients with an impaired level of consciousness after trauma. According to Caroline (2008) the primary goal of spinal immobilisation is to prevent further injuries. Good initial and acute management is crucial no matter the degree of damage (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). The purpose of immobilisation in suspected spinal trauma is to maintain a neutral position and avoid displacement and secondary neurological injury (Vickery, 2001). Means of immobilisation include holding the head in the midline, log rolling the person, the use of backboards and special mattresses, cervical collars, sandbags and straps (Kwan, Bunn Roberts 2009). The Advanced Life Support Group supports the use of the long spinal board (backboard) for spinal immobilisation, despite knowledge of pressure problems and poor immobilisation in some patient groups. The spinal board was originally developed as an extrication device using its smooth surface to allow a person to be slid out of a vehicle. However, it is difficult to remove the patient from the board in the field and therefore the patient is most commonly transported to the A E department on the spinal board (Cooke, 1998). There is considerable variation in the best technique for pre-hospital cervical spine immobilisation (Vickery, 2001). Some have advised the use 1 to 1. 5 inches of padding under the head as standard, others have advised that judgement on the use of padding be based on visual inspection (Butman, McSwain McConnell, 1986). Conversely, several rauma texts recommend placing the patient directly against the spinal board (McSwain, 1989). In the United Kingdom, the vacuum mattress is predominately used by mountain rescue teams as it is believed to provide better overall protection of an injured casualty and is perceived to be safer and easier to transport over the terrain encountered in these situations (Herzenberg, Hensinger and Dederick, 1989). In a recent study by Luscombe and Williams (2002), it was sh own that the vacuum mattress prevents significantly more movement in the longitudinal and lateral planes when subjected to a gradual tilt. Perceived comfort levels are significantly better with the vacuum mattress that with the backboard. Chan, Goldburg Mason (1996) reviewed the use of the long spinal board and its association with pressure injury, unsatisfactory immobilisation and positioning, and the pain that it can cause (Chan, Goldburg Tascone, 1994). A study by Lovell and Evans (1994) indicated that while a casualty resides on a backboard it may possibly lead to pressure sores in those who have sustained injury to the spinal cord. The amount of time casualties remain on backboards can exacerbate the problems of pain and pressure. Ambulance journeys and waits in accident and emergency may be lengthy and there may be long distances involved in getting to hospital (Lerner Moscati, 2000). In addition to pressure injury and poor immobilisation, the backboard may be the cause of pain even in otherwise healthy patients, leading to unnecessary investigations, radiographs and potential ambiguity regarding the cause of pain (Chan, Goldburgh Mason, 1996). The evidence suggests that the backboard itself is not ideal and far from a gold standard. This has led to the suggestion that the backboard should not be the preferred surface for the transfer of patients with spinal injuries (Main Lovell, 1996). According to Vickery (2001) however, the spinal board is considered to be the gold standard for spinal immobilisation during the pre-hospital phase of trauma management. For some patients, effective spinal immobilisation is beneficial and can also be vital in preventing the devastating effects of cord damage however it has been suggested that for many the excessive use of this preventative measure may not be prudent or necessary. It has been estimated that over 50% of trauma patients with no complaint of neck or back pain were transported with full spinal immobilisation (McHugh Taylor 1998). Inappropriate spinal immobilisation may lead to patients experiencing unnecessary pain, skin ulceration, aspiration and respiratory compromise, which in turn may lead to further unnecessary procedures, a longer hospital stay which then incurs increasing costs to the National Health Service (Kwan, Bunn Roberts, 2001). Shooman Rushambuza (2009) report that immobilisation is a crucial part of the management of a trauma patient. They believe that if the mechanism of injury is uncertain, the patient should remain immobilised until further imaging even if there are no symptoms of spinal instability after log rolling. However, in a recent study by Pandie, Shepherd Lamont (2010) they concluded that on its own, standard immobilisation techniques appear to be inadequate to maintain the cervical spine in the neutral position. One argument for keeping the patient on a spinal board is that it facilitates an urgent turn should vomiting occur (Vickery 2001). Spinal immobilisation is used throughout the world however the clinical benefits of pre-hospital spinal immobilisation have been put under scrutiny. It has been argued that spinal cord damage is done at the time of impact and that subsequent movement is generally not sufficient to cause further damage (Hauswald, Ong, Tandberg Omar 1998). In contrast, in-line stabilisation of the neck, also termed ‘neutral alignment’, is usually enhanced by using immobilisation blocks and straps that fix the patient’s head and neck to a spinal board. In-line head and neck immobilisation is important during the transfer period to hospital and remains an important part of the care of the patient (Sheerin, 2005). Butler and Bates (2001), disagree with this and suggest that cervical collars are of no additional benefit to patients already immobilised using a long spine board with straps. In a recent report it was found that many patients brought to A E automatically had a cervical collar applied ‘as a precaution’. This usually means that the victim has been involved in an accident that could possible cause a cervical injury, although the patient shows no signs or symptoms of such an injury (Sexton, 1999). Immobilisation in suspected spinal trauma must be initiated at the scene of an accident and continued until unstable spinal injuries are ruled out. Adequacy of spinal immobilisation must be reviewed during the primary survey in the A E department (Vickery, 2001). Once the patient has reached A E, the spinal board should be removed as soon as possible once the patient is laterally transferred from the ambulance trolley onto an A E or resuscitation trolley (Vickery, 2001). The early removal of spinal boards and cervical collars is advocated by spinal units (Sexton, 1999). Complications associated with prolonged use of the spinal board include pressure ulcer development, pain and discomfort (Vickery, 2001). Vickery (2001) also suggests a partial solution would be recommended that the backboard should be removed as soon as possible after arrival in the A E department, ideally after the primary survey and resuscitation phases. Hickey (2003) agrees with this, it is vital that following initial assessment, the patient is removed from the spinal board. Porter and Allison (2003) support this by suggesting that the patient should be then transferred and nursed on an emergency trolley with head immobilisation and straps applied. This in turn should minimise the risk of pressure ulcer formation which is prevalent in patients with spinal cord injury (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). Vickery (2001) also suggests that where a spinal injury is suspected, prompt and safe removal of the spinal board is mandatory, these are patients that are at the greatest risk of developing pressure sores. Vickery (2001) continues to say that spinal board immobilisation on the board may be inadequate ending with tragic consequences. Observational studies in the US have shown that immobilisation by rigid collars may cause airway difficulties, increased intracranial pressure (Davies, Deakin Wilson, 1996), increased risk of aspiration (Butman, 1996), and skin ulceration (Hewitt, 1994). Caroline (2008) also suggests that complete spinal immobilisation is painful, especially over pressure points and can also be a cause of airway constriction which in turn creates an increased risk of aspiration. It has been reported that many trauma patients do not suffer from spinal instability and will not benefit from spinal immobilisation (Orledge, 1998). The value of routine pre-hospital spinal immobilisations are questionable due to any benefits of immobilisation being outweighed by the risks (Kwan, Bunn Roberts, 2009). Kwan, Bunn Roberts (2009) have already indicated that inappropriate immobilisation is contributing to the increasing budget of the NHS. Dimond (2001) agrees and claims that litigation claims are increasing against the NHS. Society is becoming less tolerant of mistakes or inadequate service and litigation claims are now becoming an accepted part of daily life (Vukmir, 2004). In contrast, a study in the USA has indicated that due to the fear of litigation, over five million patients receive spinal immobilisation every year (Orledge Pepe 1998). In this current media inclined era, media attention for high profile claims against the NHS organisations is at a high. Although most of the evidence in literature is regarding claims against hospital specialities, there have been few claims written about claims against the ambulance service (Hulbert, Riddle Longstaff 1996). However, there may be few documented claims against the ambulance service there have been a significant number of claims settled by ambulance trusts (Vukmir, 2004). In conclusion, there are many different points of views by many authors on the subject of spinal immobilisation. Many argue that the need to immobilise suspected head, neck and spinal trauma is a priority due to the potential life threatening incident. This way of thinking has been supported by many of the authors. Others however have stated that each incident needs to be individualised as the necessity of using spinal immobilisation is increasingly being inappropriately used. Methods of spinal immobilisation are also highly debatable, calling the clinical professional to use their own training and judgements when deciding how to transfer each individual patient. It was highlighted by many authors that it was necessary for patients to be removed from the spinal board as soon as possible when being cared for within the hospital setting as this reduces the possibilities of further trauma and pressure sores. It became quite clear when conducting this research that many health professionals are now very aware of the potential to become a target for the all too common blame culture that is so prevalent in today’s society. The fear of litigation may be the cause for the higher usage of spinal immobilisation although there is limited research at this time but within the next few years we may in fact see a rise in claims against the Ambulance Service. There is evidence that inappropriate and prolonged use of spinal immobilisation can be very detrimental to the patient’s welfare, there is a vast amount of research to suggest the need to use spinal immobilisation in most head, neck and spinal trauma. Effective and appropriate use of spinal immobilisation is best practice in all situations and should be used wisely and competently by a trained professional. How to cite Spinal Immobilisation, Papers

The Battle of Midway free essay sample

An examination of the battle and its significance in World War II. An examination of the Battle of Midway and how it changed World War II. The author examines the international relations between states at the time, such as Japan and the U.S. and how this battle changed the position of the U.S. in the war. A look at the events that led to the battle. Prior to the Battle for Midway, the U.S. Navy had suffered nothing except crushing defeats (except for the Battle of the Coral Seas, which was less than a full victory). The Japanese were approaching Australia, and Admiral Yamamoto was relentlessly hunting what was left of the American Navy after Pearl Harbor. He intended to occupy the Western Pacific Islands (Boorda, 1995), especially Midway, to establish a protective perimeter around his homeland. (The desire to accomplish this was increased with Doolittles raid on Japan in April, mentioned below. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Midway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page )

The Function of the Federal Reserve System in the US Economy

The Function of the Federal Reserve System in the US Economy When countries issue currency, especially fiat currency that is not specifically backed by any commodity, it is necessary to have a central bank whose job it is to monitor and regulate the supply, distribution, and transacting of currency. In the United States, the central bank is called the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve currently consists of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve banks located in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Kansas City, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, San Francisco, and St. Louis. Created in 1913, the history of the Federal Reserve represents the federal government’s   ongoing effort to achieve the goals of any central banking system - ensure a secure American financial system by maintaining a stable currency backed by the benefits of high employment and minimal inflation.   Brief History of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act. In crafting the landmark legislation, Congress was responding to a series of economic panics, bank failures, and credit scarcity that had plagued the nation for decades. When President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law on December 23, 1913, it stood as a classic example of an all-too-rare politically bipartisan compromise balancing the need for a consistently regulated centralized national banking system with the competing interests of established private banks backed by a strong â€Å"will of the people† populist sentiment. Over the more than 100 years since its creation, responding to economic disasters, such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s, have required the Federal Reserve to expand its roles and responsibilities. The Federal Reserve and the Great Depression As U.S. Representative Carter Glass had warned, years of speculative investments led to the disastrous â€Å"Black Thursday† stock market crash of October 29, 1929. By 1933, the resulting Great Depression had resulted in the failure of nearly 10,000 banks, leading newly inaugurated President Franklin D. Roosevelt to declare a banking holiday. Many people blamed the crash on the Federal Reserve’s failure to stop the speculative lending practices quickly enough and for its lack of an in-depth understanding of monetary economics necessary to implement regulations that might have lessened the devastating poverty resulting from the Great Depression.  Ã‚   In response to the Great Depression, Congress passed the Banking Act of 1933, better known as the Glass-Steagall Act. The Act separated commercial from investment banking and required collateral in the form of government securities for Federal Reserve notes. In addition, Glass-Steagall required the Federal Reserve to examine and certify all banking and financial holding companies. In a final financial reform, President Roosevelt effectively ended the long-standing practice of backing U.S. currency by physical precious metals by recalling all gold and paper silver certificates, effectively ending the gold standard. Over the years since the Great Depression, the duties of the Federal Reserve expanded significantly. Today, its responsibilities include supervising and regulating banks, maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions. How Does the Federal Reserve System Work? The Federal Reserve system is overseen by a seven-member board of governors, with one member of this committee chosen as the chairman (commonly known as the Chairman of the Fed). The president of the United States is responsible for appointing Fed chairmen to four-year terms (with confirmation from the Senate), and the current Fed chair is Janet Yellen. (The regular members of the board of governors serve fourteen-year terms.) The presidents of the regional banks are appointed by each individual branchs board of directors. The Federal Reserve system serves a number of functions, which generally fall into a couple of categories: first, it is the Feds job to ensure that the banking system stays responsible and solvent. While this does sometimes mean that the Fed has to work with the three branches of government to think about explicit legislation and regulation, it more often means that the Fed works in a transactional sense to clear checks and to act as a lender to banks that want to borrow money themselves. (The Fed does this mainly to keep the system stable and is referred to as the lender of last resort, since the process is not really encouraged.) The other function of the Federal Reserve system is to control the money supply. The Federal Reserve can control the amount of money (highly liquid assets such as currency and checking deposits) in a number of ways. The most common way is to increase and decrease the amount of money in the economy via open-market operations. Open-Market Operations Open-market operations simply refer to the process of the Federal Reserve buying and selling U.S. government bonds. When the Federal Reserve wants to increase the money supply, it simply purchases government bonds from the public. This works to increase the money supply because, as the buyer of the bonds, the Federal Reserve is giving out dollars to the public. The Federal Reserve also keeps government bonds in its portfolio and sells them when it wants to decrease the money supply. Selling decreases the money supply because the buyers of the bonds give currency to the Federal Reserve, which takes that cash out of the hands of the public. There are two important things to note about open-market operations: first, the Fed itself isnt directly responsible for printing money. Printing money is handled by the Treasury, and there are multiple channels by which the money gets into circulation. (Sometimes, for example, the new money just replaces worn-out currency.) Second, the Federal Reserve doesnt actually create or issue the government bonds, it just handles them in secondary markets. (Technically, open-market operations could be conducted with a number of different assets, but it makes sense for the government to manipulate the supply and demand of an asset that was issued by the government itself.) Other Monetary Policy Tools Although not used nearly as frequently as open-market operations, there are other tools that the Federal Reserve can use to change the amount of money in the economy. One option is to change the reserve requirement for banks. Banks create money in an economy when they loan out customers deposits (since both the deposit and the loan count as money), and the reserve requirement is the percentage of deposits that banks have to keep on hand rather than lending out. An increase in the reserve requirement, therefore, restricts the amount that banks can lend out and thus reduces the money supply. Conversely, a decrease in the reserve requirement increases the number of loans that banks can make and increases the money supply. (This, of course, assumes that banks want to lend more when they are allowed to do so.) The Federal Reserve can also change the money supply by changing the interest rate that it charges banks when it acts as the lender of last resort. The process by which banks borrow from the Federal Reserve is called the discount window, and the interest rate that the Federal Reserve charges is called the discount rate. When the discount rate is increased, it is more expensive for banks to borrow in order to cover their reserve requirements. Therefore, a higher discount rate causes banks to be more careful about reserves and make fewer loans, which reduces the money supply. On the other hand, lowering the discount rate makes it cheaper for banks to rely on borrowing from the Federal Reserve and increases the number of loans they are willing to make, thus increasing the money supply. Decisions regarding monetary policy are handled by the Federal Open Market Committee, which meets approximately every six weeks in Washington in order to discuss changing the money supply and other economic issues. Updated by Robert Longley

Carthage - The Founding

Carthage - The Founding What Is Carthage? Carthage was a prosperous ancient city on the north coast of Africa (in modern Tunisia) that was founded by Phoenicians. A commercial empire, Carthage made its fortune through trade and expanded its domain across northern Africa, the area that is now Spain, and into the Mediterranean where it came into contact and conflict with the Greeks and Romans. What Does Punic Mean?PhoenicianPhoenician Traits The Legend of Carthage: Dido and the other Pygmalion The romantic legend of the founding of Carthage is that a merchant-prince or king of Tyre gave his daughter Elissa (usually called Dido in Vergils in marriage to his brother, her uncle, a priest of Melqart named Sichaeus, along with the kingdom. Elissas brother, Pygmalion [note: there is another ancient Pygmalion], had thought the kingdom would be his, and when he discovered that he had been thwarted, secretly killed his brother-in-law/uncle. Sichaeus, as a ghost, came to his widow to tell her that her brother was dangerous and that she needed to take her followers and the royal wealth that Pygmalion had appropriated, and flee. Although certainly, the supernatural element raises questions, clearly Tyre did send out colonists. The next part of the legend plays on the characterization of Phoenicians as tricky. After stopping at Cyprus, Elissa and her followers landed in north Africa where they asked the locals if they could stop to rest. When they were told that they could have the area that an ox hide would cover, Elissa had an ox hide cut into strips and lay them out end-to-end in a crescent circumscribing a sizeable area of land. Elissa had taken an area of the shoreline opposite Sicily that would allow the emigrants from the mercantile city of Tyre to continue to ply their expertise in trade. This ox-hide enclosed area was known as Carthage. Eventually, the Phoenicians of Carthage branched out into other areas and started to develop an empire. They came into conflict first with the Greeks [see: Magna Graecia] and then with the Romans. Although it took three (Punic) wars with the Romans, the Carthaginians were eventually annihilated. According to another story, the Romans sprinkled the fertile land on which they lived with salt in 146 B.C. A century later, Julius Caesar proposed the establishment of a Roman Carthage on the same spot. Points to NoteAbout the Carthage Founding Legend: The Greeks and Romans considered the Phoenicians to be treacherous. In the Odyssey, Rhys Carpenter (1958: Phoenicians in the West) says Homer calls them polypaipaloi of many tricks. The term Punic fides Punic faith means bad faith or betrayal.Cicero said of the Carthaginians that Carthage would not have held an empire for six hundred years had it not been governed with wisdom and statecraft.Cadmus (Kadmos) of Tyre was a Phoenician of legend who brought the alphabet to the Greeks when he went in search of his sister Europa whom Zeus had carried off on a white bull. Cadmus founded Thebes.The salting of Carthage is a legend. R.T. Ridley in To be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage, Classical Philology Vol 81, No. 2 1986 says the first reference he can find to the salting of Carthage comes from the twentieth century. Evidence for Carthage:The Romans actively set out to obliterate Carthage in 146 B.C., following the Third Punic War, and then they built a new Carthage on top of the ruins, a century later, which was itself destroyed. So there are few remains of Carthage in the original location. There are tombs and burial urns from a sanctuary to the fertility mother goddess Tanit, a stretch of the wall fortifying the city that is visible from the air, and the remains of two harbors.(1) Date of the Founding of Carthage: According to Polybius (born c. 204 B.C.), the Greek historian Timaeus of Tauromenion (c. 357-260 B.C.), dated the founding of Carthage to 814 or 813 B.C.Other ancient authors who wrote about Punic Carthage were: Appian,Diodorus,Justin,Polybius andStrabo. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Antiq. Roman. 1.4), basing his opinion on Timaeus, said that Carthage was founded 38 years before the First Olympiad (776 B.C.).Velleius Paterculus (c. 19 B.C. to  c. A.D. 30) said Carthage lasted 667 years.Recent carbon-14 dating confirms the late part of the ninth century B.C. as the date of the founding of Carthage.(2) References: (1)Scullard: Carthage,  Greece Rome  Vol. 2, No. 3. (Oct. 1955), pp. 98-107. (2)The Topography of Punic Carthage, by D.B. Harden,  Greece Rome  Vol. 9, No. 25, p.1.

Florence Nightingale...To pledge or Not to Pledge Research Paper

Florence Nightingale...To pledge or Not to Pledge - Research Paper Example Lystra Gretter first wrote the Nightingale Pledge in the year 1893. Lyster was a nursing instructor at the old Harper Hospital in Detroit. The Nightingale Pledge was first used by graduating class of Harper hospital in 1893 (Nightingale & McDonald, 2005). It is an adaptation of the Hippocratic Oath taken by physicians.it is a way of nurses expressing their intentions of fulfilling their responsibilities. Every graduating student nurse must recite this oath.   Gretter  named the pledge after Florence Nightingale as a sign of respect because she is the mother of nursing. This pledge is still the symbol of nursing and it represents the nurses’ values (American Nurses Association, 2006). By reciting, a nurse pledges to be faithful in her practice her profession and to exercise proper ethical values (Nightingale & McDonald, 2007). However, the nursing community still debates on this oath about its importance to nursing as a profession. Its relationship to the old oath of medicine is quite plain. The pledge has undergone some changes over a period. This pledge states that nurses are health missionaries who take full responsibility for the health of their patients. It has also brought to light a new direction to healthcare provision (ANA, 2012).   Mrs. Cadwalader Jones, who is member of the Board of Managers of the City Hospital in New York, is the author of another version of the Hippocratic Oath. The oath is as follows: the nurse swears to be loyal to the doctors under whom they serve, as a soldier is loyal to his or her seniors, the nurse swears to be fair and liberal to all other members of the medical profession be helping them where necessary( Wolf,2014). The nurse swears to lead the nursing profession in honor. The nurse swears to resist any form of temptations whatsoever in any field during nursing practice to ensure the sick receive proper care. Lastly, the nurse

Iranian Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iranian Women - Essay Example This system denounced the equal participation of women in any social or political activity. Women got expected to carry out their duties and roles according to their biological predisposition, which entitled them to bear children, take care of them, and provide comfort and satisfaction to their husbands (Ali, 2010). Over the last 20 years, changes have become effected in regards to women in the Iranian society. These changes have both freed and place restriction on women in the Iranian society. The proclamation of the Iranian constitution after the revolution served to change the view of women in the society. The constitution in its treaty of women’s rights and responsibilities recognizes women’s rights to high standards of learning. The constitution promotes the rights of women to attain higher education to the very highest academic levels. Women are encouraged through the constitution to seek the highest quantitative and qualitative levels of specialist skills. During the last 20 years, the Islamic revolution has managed to attain significant levels of equality in eradicating illiteracy among the Iranian population. The percentage of literate women in Iran has risen over the last 20 years (Ali, 2010). ... Women also face restrictions in pursuing higher education in various fields of study in the country. Some fields of study get taught in segregated classrooms. Culturally, women have also become viewed with much dignity with a special emphasis on not letting them become viewed as sexual objects. Leaders and managers have placed emphasis on the notion of not letting women get exploited as sexual objects in the country. A law that got enacted in 1988 prohibits the abuse of individuals, which includes disrespecting women or abusing a woman’s body through text or image. The revolution also resulted to the imposition of various cultural restrictions on women in Iran (Afshar, 2012). The revolution emphasized on the need for women to wear hijabs to in all public places to avoid receiving unwanted attention. According to the Islamic council of Iran, it is vital for women to wear hijabs to maintain their purest forms. Women are expected to cover their body and hair except for their hand s and faces. Women are also not encouraged to use cosmetics. Punishment for not wearing hijabs may range from verbal reprimands, whip lashing, and even imprisonment. The legal marriage age for a girl in Iran is 9 years, which got reduced from the initial 18years. Polygamy is very much legal in the country with men allowed to marry various wives. Women are not allowed to travel without the approval in writing of their husbands (Povey & Rostemi-Povey, 2013). Women do not get allowed to get in the company of other men who are not their husbands or male relatives. Women also get restricted to participate in sporting activities that may allow them to get seen by men. They are also not allowed to watch men’s

Existence of the soul

Existence of the soul Introduction There are a number of big philosophical questions that commonly interest philosophers. Chief among these questions is the existence of the soul. What will become of me when I die? Will I cease to exist or not? And if I do continue to exist will I remain in my current form or that of another life form? These are questions which are frequently discussed when talking about the soul. Platos work on life after death is regarded as one of the very first pieces of written philosophical work on the existence of the soul. Platos Phaedo is an attempt to answer these questions; an attempt to prove that the soul pre-exist the body and that it continues to live after death. Platos Phaedo must therefore be discussed if a conclusion is to be reached on whether the soul pre-exist the body. Much of Platos work, unlike many other philosophical writings, is in dialogue. Platos dialogues are named after the central character, which in this case, is Phaedo. Besides Phaedo, other important characters in t he dialogue are Echecrates with whom the dialogue begins with, Socrates who is the main character in the dialogue, Simmias of Thebes, a follower of the philosopher Pythagoras and Cebes whom also is a follower Pythagoras. Phaedo centres on the death of Socrates, who was sentenced to death in 399BC for corrupting the minds of the youth and denouncing the gods. After the trial, Socrates is in prison waiting to be condemned by drinking Hemlock and this is the point of Platos Phaedo which begins to look at life after death. It is clear that the introductory section of the dialogue takes place from (60a) whereby Socrates after massaging his leg states that pleasure and pain are closely related, despite the fact they are opposites. The point Socrates makes here seems logical as empirical experience shows that people cannot appreciate the ups of life without having the downs. Socrates then goes on to claim that anyone wise will follow him to death, as a wise person or a philosopher long to be released from the body. This is an important point of Platos dialogue as it ignites the discussion of the immortality of the soul. Why would Socrates claim that those who are wise should follow him to death shortly? For Socrates death is simply a release of the soul from the body. Socrates believes that firstly he will be entering the company of good and wise gods and secondly he expects to enter the company of dead people that are better than those still alive, thus it is good to leave life (Daniel Hill lecture notes, 2008). Furthermore the body for Socrates is a hindrance for a philosopher seeking the truth. The bodys demands such as food, drink and sex are not the concerns of a true philosopher and more so the body cannot provide reliable information, our senses constantly deceive us. (A fine examplemaybe example). The truth is the real nature of any given thing i.e. justice in itself, which has never been perceived by anybody. In order to reach the uncontaminated truth one mu st be pure and uncontaminated. Socrates goes as far to say the philosophers occupation consists precisely in the freeing and separation of the soul from body (Daniel Hill lecture notes, 2008). However by arguing this point Socrates is presuming that life exist after death, something which provokes Cebes to raise an objection questioning Socrates line of thought by highlighting that it is widely accepted that when one dies the soul may be released from the body and dispersed like smoke and so destroyed Cebes challenge is one which Socrates must respond to and he does so by producing four arguments to support his claim that the soul is immortal. First is the Argument from Opposites which aims to show the cycle of death and rebirth must go on forever. Secondly is the Theory of Recollection which aims to show that the reasoning part of the soul did exist before birth, thus making it plausible to hold that it will also exist after death. Third is the affinity argument, which concerns its elf too with the reasoning part of the soul, in particular the nature of the Forms and the control of desires. The final argument Plato introduces considers the soul as the cause of life. The Argument of Recollection is what must be discussed in detail due to as stated above it concerns itself with the pre-existence of the soul. Theory of Recollection The Theory of Recollection is introduced by Cebes, who briefly outlines the argument as follows: that all learning is just really recollection and that by recollecting it shows that we must have learned sometime before; which is impossible unless our souls existed somewhere before they entered this human shape. So it seems that the soul is immortal (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008). Simmias then asks Cebes to remind him how the proof of Socrates theory of learning as recollection goes and Cebes provides two reasons. Firstly Cebes puts forth that when people are asked questions, if the question is put in the right way they can answer everything correctly, which they could not possibly do unless they were in possession of knowledge (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008); and secondly if you confront people with a diagram or anything like that, the way in which they react provides the clearest proof that the theory is correct (Daniel Hill Lecture Notes 2008). Cebes argument is very vague; howe ver the point he seems to be trying to make can be understood by using a mathematical question. For example if you were asked, what is 6+33? You would give the answer of 39, yet it is unlikely that you would have learnt that exact sum beforehand, so the fact that you recognised it shows that you must have learnt it in a previous life. Cebes answer for Simminas is allusive thus Plato introduces Socrates to give the argument in full detail. In Phaedo Socrates begins with the suggestion that one can only recollect what one has learnt at some previous point. Socrates too understands that recollection is the process of being reminded of something and uses the example of lovers who are reminded of the person they love, when they recognise a piece of clothing or any other private property owned by their lover (Plato 2003). However to have prior knowledge of all things gained from experience within the world would be absurd, thus Plato outlines what he means is that we have knowledge of abs tract entities or as Plato describes the knowledge of Forms. What does Plato mean by abstract entities or Forms? Plato means entities such as justice, beauty, goodness and holiness etc. The example he gives is equality. Plato writes in Pheado We admit, I suppose, that there is such a thing as equality not equality of stick to stick and stone to stone and so on, but something beyond all that and distinct from it absolute equality (Plato 2003). Its seems what Platos argument is trying to show is that there is a concept of equality which is recollected when we view certain objects, such as two sticks of similar length or if we feel the weight of two stones of similar weight and we know whether or not they are of equal weight because we understand the concept of equality without it ever being taught. However what must be understood is that Plato is not saying that equality is within the sticks and stones themselves, as they may appear equal to me but unequal to another; but rather by seeing the sticks and the stones that we get the idea of absolute equality.Socrates then continues to highlight that we are aware that sticks and stones do fall short of being equal, but to be conscious of the fact that they fall short means that we must have a the concept of what it is to be perfectly equal. However how do we know of this equality when Plato denies empirical knowledge as reliable? Socrates answers That we must have had some previous knowledge of equality before the time when we first realised (Plato 2003). Therefore Socrates deduces that we obtained our knowledge of equality before birth. So if this holds true with equality then it must hold true with all other abstract entities or Forms such as beauty and justice. However Socrates continues claiming that Each of us loses this knowledge at the moment of birth, but afterwards by pertinent exercise of our senses, recover the knowledge which we once had before, I suppose that we call learning (Plato 2003). Hence Socra tes concludes that all learning is recollection. Socrates then moves on to present an alternative explanation to support his argument claiming that someone who truly knows a subject ought to be able to explain it to others, yet most people cannot explain the things that he (Socrates) has been explaining to Simmias (http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/phaedo/section5.rhtml). Socrates explains that if someone can be brought to recollect knowledge of the kind he is explaining and then able to explain that knowledge to others, then it goes to show that knowledge existed in a past life and it was forgotten the at birth. Simmias raises an objection to this point stating that perhaps we gain knowledge at birth, but Socrates simply reminds him that if we possessed it at birth then surely it would be absurd to lose it at the exact same moment we gained that knowledge. Socrates then concludes that the existence of the soul before birth is as certain as the existence of beauty, goodness, and all things in themselves that the soul supplies knowledge of when we see the physical things that approximate to them Platos argument Platos argument seems to be coherent and reaches a sound conclusion that the soul pre-exist birth. However the argument has been criticised by many philosophers due to the gaps within the argument. These gaps within Platos argument must be explored in order to come to a conclusion on whether the Theory of Recollection does prove that the soul pre-exist the body. A chief criticism of Platos theory of recollection stems from the foundation of his argument. Plato discusses two different kinds of knowledge; intrinsic knowledge of the Forms (goodness, beauty and equality etc.) and the recollection of knowledge, and this is where the problem lies. In Phaedo Socrates is intent on showing that what we know was present before birth However Plato gives no explanation of when before birth we acquire this knowledge or how. Further, if we did come into this world knowing of abstract qualities such as justice, holiness and equality etc, the next thought would be that when did we first come into co ntact with these abstract qualities?. Plato gives no time frame and this is important as it obvious that when we, as humans get to a certain age all of us tend to know similar concepts such as those of the Forms described by Socrates in Phaedo. Further, Plato maintains that no true knowledge can come about from experience and that knowledge is innate; therefore experience from a previous life could not have given us the knowledge of the Forms, such as equality, beauty and justice etc. On the other hand in Platos defence that it could be said that our very first soul was created with such knowledge; that is our first soul was created with the knowledge of Forms. However there are those that object to this line of view claiming that Plato does not provide an answer on how the cycle of birth and death of the soul begin? And if it has a beginning how can it end? (http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/phaedo/section5.rhtml). Owen Mcleod highlights this fact stating If the soul cannot die, then the soul is indestructible. The general principle being assumed here seems to be that if x cannot die, then x is indestructible. But.If x is destructible, then x can die. This is clearly false. Inanimate objects of all sorts rocks, shoes, corporations can be destroyed, and hence are destructible, but they do not literally die upon destructionMore so is Platos meaning of equality. Plato advances equality not just as a relation to two objects but as a property in itself. Yet we wouldnt normally think of a single stick on its own of being able to have the property of equality and so forthFurther Platos knowledge as discussed above is not that of future events or empirical knowledge but that of the knowledge of the Forms. Therefore for the Argument from Recollection to work the Theory of Forms must be accepted. This is as Hackforth states: the doctrine of Forms is with that of the souls existence before its incarnation: in other words, they stand and fall together. Attempts to p rove the Theory of the Forms may succeed or fail, but what the significance here is that Platonised Socrates does not explicitly prove or justify the Theory of the Forms Another problem of Platos argument is regarding the type of judgment that Recollection of the Forms leads us to make.If as Plato states that everything we perceive in the world, including those sense perceived judgments; are sustained by the Forms, it would suggest that all human beings judgments are correct, as the Forms are pure truth. Yet this conclusion would be widely inaccurate as human beings make many incorrect judgments, the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster is a testament to this as it was human errors which resulted in destroying the lives of thousands of people. Conclusion Platos Theory of Recollection is a coherent argument and one which attempts to prove that the soul does pre-exist the body. Plato Phaedo works on many grounds due to the fact that we as human beings can relate too much of what Plato has written. It is widely accepted that when humans look at an object we can be reminded of a particular person or event. Therefore it does not seem strange to think of abstract qualities such as equality in the same way. Nonetheless, the Theory of Recollection rest upon premises which once examined shows misgivings within the argument. Plato Argument from Recollection relies heavy on his Theory of Forms which he assumes are not doubtable and due to this the Theory of Recollection automatically proves the existence of the soul. Yet the Forms are susceptible to doubt, as discussed before if humans decisions are imbued by the Forms then surely the Forms are doubtable as human beings decisions are incorrect time after time. Further modern day philosophy has simply described Phaedo as a religious doctrine supported by poets (Hackforth 1992), suggesting that Phaedo may have proved the pre-existence of the soul in Ancient Greek, yet now in the modern era it is must be seen as no more than a religious doctrine which was widely accepted at the time. Against modern philosophy Platos argument does not appear to be justified. Karl Poppers falsification theory, for example, demands that any suggestion that is put forward must be done so in terms that allows it to be falsified. If the idea requires certain assumptions that are impossible to prove, like the Theory of the Forms, then we cannot consider it as being valid Yet the context in which the dialogue was written must be considered when evaluating the Theory of Recollection. Socrates is condemned to death and his final hours are upon him, it is clear that Socrates purpose in the dialogue is to explain his views on death to his friends. Socrates lack of concern in the face of death surprises Cebes and Simminas and this prompts Socrates to convey his views on the immortality of the soul. Furthermore the period the dialogue was written, it was universally accepted that life existed after death. Thus Plato task is to link life after death to life before death. Therefore a modern reader must bare this in mind when considering Platos Theory of Recollection. Thus after examining Platos Theory of Recollection it can be concluded that though the argument is coherent, key premises are subject to criticism which undermines Platos argument. Furthermore with development of modern philosophy and developments in science the Theory of Recollection is subject to further failings, thus to a modern reader it would be difficult to accept the Theory of Recollection as golden proof for the pre-existence of the soul, yet at the time Plato wrote Phaedo the argument would have been accepted by a great number of people.

Human Behavior & society Essay

One good argument in favor of natural determination of human behavior is through an experiment done with lab rats. In this case, a castrated male rat (with no testosterone) is placed with a female lab rat that has been injected with testosterone. In this case, the female acts dominant while the male is submissive. This to an extent proves that natural factors e. g. hormones play an important role in human behavior. Besides this, the moodiness experienced by humans undergoing puberty, as well as pre-menstrual syndrome, in which human behavior fluctuates, shows that natural factors do play a role in determining human behavior. On the other hand, the lab rat experiment is questionable, mainly because the biology of rats is significantly different from humans, and secondly, because humans themselves consume testosterone without such drastic swings in behavior. This suggests that what is currently seen as hormone-triggered changes in human behavior could have social undercurrents. Human behavior itself is a highly complex topic. In some instances, as seen with hormones and also genetically inherited diseases, it is completely due to natural circumstances and events. In other instances, certain types of human behavior is caused by social conditioning and socialization e. g. compliance with the law and the observance of norms and values. In some unusual cases, it is determined by nature and society, working hand-in-hand, or sometimes one after the other to cause a change in such behavior. To judge this issue in terms of absolutes would be unjustified. Exactly in what way human behavior is developed depends on both society and on nature- and in many cases either society or nature is more dominant. However, it is clear that human behavior overall is shaped by a blend of both natural and social factors and issues, from genetic inheritance to socio-economic class.

Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an...

Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an Organization In the course text, read the case study at the bottom of page 230. Write a 3-5 page paper on what could be a mission or vision of the Community Medical Center that would guide the president in his decision about the case of an operating room nurse who may have HIV/AIDS. What could be the decision and how will the decision be communicated to the physicians, employees, to the board, and the public. The thought of a healthcare worker with a positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis sounds risk laden for someone who is undereducated on virus transmission risks. As a leader in a healthcare facility, it is imperative the president of Community Medical Center dispel†¦show more content†¦So, the president is compelled to use the garbage can model decision model to quash the confusion. Using this model, he can practice the established, documented processes provided by the state guidelines, the Center for Disease Control and the International Labor Organization. The president is required to abide by nondiscrimination laws. He will locate the current Georgia guidelines for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during exposure-prone invasive procedures through the Centers for Disease Control and the International Labor Organization. Within the state of Georgia guidelines, there is no definition of a healthcare worker or an invasive procedure. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) And, virus testing of a healthcare worker is voluntary. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) Also, notification of patients and staff is considered on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration whether exposure has occurred, an assessment of specific risks, and confidentiality issues. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) If documented transmission has occurred, written informed consent should be obtained from all future patients who will have exposure-prone invasive procedures performed. (Guidelines , 2008, p. 10-11) Then, upon id entification of an infected healthcare worker performing an invasive procedure, the healthcare worker will be contacted and the Director of the Division of Public Health may convene an EPR toShow MoreRelatedCase Study: Decision Making Based on Mission Vision of Organization912 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Case Study: Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of Organization Marie Bisano Shannon Corbett-Perez MHA601 May 4, 2013 Introduction In this case study, Community Medical Center has a strong reputation for quality of medical care. The president of CMC has the difficult position of making a crucial decision that will impact his licensed and unlicensed staff, patients and the community at large. 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Electrical Hazards Are Not For Electric Shock - 946 Words

Electrical hazards are not limited to electric shock; those who are not working with or using electricity may be also at risk. Faulty electrical appliance or equipment and poor electrical installations may lead to fire which could potentially injure people around it. According to National Fire Protection Association, approximately 2600 people are killed in home fires each year, most are caused by electrical faults [4]. Also, electricity or even static could be the source of ignition in a potentially flammable or explosive atmosphere. For example, in a garage where contain vaporized gasoline due to a tipped over gas tank, the static generated between the car door and key can cause explosion if the ratio between air vaporized gasoline is within the explosive range. Electromagnetic interference is disturbance which can affect an electrical circuit with electromagnetic induction or radiation [6]. It’s a serious hazard especially for airlines. 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